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In modern and advanced UPW systems, positive (higher than zero) bacteria counts are typically observed on newly constructed facilities. Techniques that help to minimize bacterial colony growth within UPW streams include occasional chemical or steam sanitization (which is common in the pharmaceutical industry), ultrafiltration (found in some pharmaceutical, but mostly semiconductor industries), ozonation, and optimization of piping system designs that promote the use of Reynolds Number criteria for minimum flow, along with minimization of dead legs. Total organic carbon (TOC), metallic contaminants, and anionic contaminants are measured in dimensionless terms of parts per notation, such as ppm, ppb, ppt, and ppq.īacteria have been referred to as one of the most obstinate in this list to control. Bacteria are typically reported in colony-forming units ( CFU) per volume of UPW.
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UPW and commonly used term deionized (DI) water are not the same.
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Ultrapure water is a term commonly used in manufacturing to emphasize the fact that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminant types, including: organic and inorganic compounds dissolved and particulate matter volatile and non-volatile reactive, and inert hydrophilic and hydrophobic and dissolved gases. Ultrapure water ( UPW), high-purity water or highly purified water ( HPW) is water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. Water purified to uncommonly stringent specifications